Postfix
Non-Berkeley-DB migrationPostfix
Non-Berkeley-DB migration(Please see the Appendix for Mailman integration tips.)
After running the same Postfix configuration for a decade or more, there is a rude awakening when you update the OS to a newer version that has deleted its support for Berkeley DB. Postfix programs fail to open all hash: and btree: tables with messages like this:
Berkeley DB support for 'hash:/etc/postfix/virtual' is not available for this build; see https://www.postfix.org/NON_BERKELEYDB_README.html for alternatives
This document comes to the rescue, with strategies to migrate an existing Postfix configuration that uses Berkeley DB hash: and btree: database files, to an OS distribution that has removed Berkeley DB support, with a Postfix configuration that uses lmdb: (or a combination of cdb: and lmdb:).
By the way, you don't have to wait until Berkeley DB support is removed; your can proactively use the steps described here on a system that still has Berkeley DB, to migrate a Postfix configuration from Berkeley DB to lmdb: (or a combination of cdb: and lmdb:).
Historically, Postfix has used Berkeley DB hash: and btree: for key-value stores, as indicated in the "With Berkeley DB" table column below. In a world without Berkeley DB, good replacements are cdb: and lmdb: as indicated in the "No Berkeley DB" column.
Purpose With Berkeley DB No Berkeley DB Mostly-static data such as aliases, transport_maps, access tables default_database_type=hash default_database_type=lmdb or default_database_type=cdb Dynamic caches maintained by postscreen(8), verify(8), tlsmgr(8) default_cache_db_type=btree default_cache_db_type=lmdb
The default values for default_database_type and default_cache_db_type may be specified at build time (see the section below, and they may be changed later by editing main.cf, for example with the postconf(1) command.)
The sections that follow present three migration strategies with different levels of assistance by tooling that was developed for Postfix 3.11 and later.
Click here to skip to the next section.
On systems that have removed Berkeley DB support, run "make makefiles" with a CCARGS value that (also) contains "-DNO_DB", and specify appropriate values for default_database_type (lmdb or cdb) and default_cache_db_type (lmdb).
In the examples below, the "..." are place holders any dependencies that you build Postfix with, such as CDB, LDAP, LMDB, MySQL/MariaDB, OpenSSL, SASL, and so on.
Example 1: use lmdb: for both default_database_type (read-mostly lookup tables) and default_cache_db_type (read-write caches). Terminal input is bold, output is normal font.
$ make makefiles CCARGS="-DNO_DB ..." \
default_database_type=lmdb \
default_cache_db_type=lmdb ... \
AUXLIBS...
See LMDB_README for LMDB-specific instructions.
Example 2: alternative form that produces the same result.
$ export CCARGS="-DNO_DB ..." $ export default_database_type=lmdb $ export default_cache_db_type=lmdb $ export AUXLIBS... ... $ make makefiles
See LMDB_README for LMDB-specific instructions.
Another alternative is to use cdb for default_database_type (read-mostly lookup tables) and lmdb for default_cache_db_type (read-write caches). See CDB_README for CDB-specific instructions.
The goal of the migration is clear: stop using hash: and btree:, and use lmdb: or cdb: instead. If your configuration is simple or if you are familiar with Postfix configuration, a few "grep" commands will find all the problems, and a few edits will be easy to make.
If, on the other hand, you are not familiar with the details of your Postfix configuration, then this document provides options where Postfix can help.
Postfix 3.11 introduces multiple levels of migration support. You can use the command "postfix non-bdb status" to view the migration support level. This is what the default should look like (terminal input is bold, output is normal font):
# postfix non-bdb status disable
In increasing order, the support levels are:
You start up Postfix, watch the logging when Postfix programs fail to open a hash: or btree: table, edit Postfix configuration files to use lmdb: or cdb:, then run postmap(1) or postalias(1) commands to create lmdb: or cdb: indexed database files. Use this option if you are familiar with Postfix configuration.
This will not fix the integration with Mailman versions from before gitlab commit 8fa56b72 (May 2025) and other software that are broken when they want to use "postmap hash:/path/to/file". Mailman uses this to maintain a table with mailing list contact addresses. For that, you need to use the next-up level.
This level implicitly redirects a request to access hash:/path/to/file to $default_database_type:/path/to/file, and redirects a request to access a btree:/path/to/file to $default_cache_db_type:/path/to/file.
This still requires manually running postmap(1) or postalias(1) commands, but "fixes" the integration with Mailman versions from before gitlab commit 8fa56b72 (May 2025) and other software when they want to use "postmap hash:/path/to/file", and Berkeley DB support is not available. Such commands will implicitly create a new lmdb: or cdb: indexed database file, depending on the default_database_type value.
This level implements "enable-redirect (database aliasing)", and also runs the postmap(1) or postalias(1) command to create a new lmdb or cdb indexed database file. This uses the nbdb_reindexd(8) daemon.
The levels enable-redirect and enable-reindex leave some technical debt: configurations that still say hash: or btree: (even if they use lmdb: or cdb: behind the scene).
Using these levels gives you extra time to prepare for a long-term configuration change that replaces hard-coded instances of hash: with the value of default_database_type, and that replaces btree: with the value of default_cache_db_type.
Depending on your use of other software that wants to use postmap(1) or postalias(1) commands, you may have to permanently the leave the enable-redirect level active.
After this overview, the sections that follow will go into more detail.
To disable all non-Berkeley-DB migration features use the "postfix non-bdb" command:
# postfix non-bdb disable # postfix reload
This will edit main.cf to remove a non_bdb_migration_level setting and the level revert to its implicit default (disable), and will edit master.cf to remove an entry for the reindex service.
This setting will cause problems with Mailman versions from before gitlab commit 8fa56b72 (May 2025) and other software that wants to use "postmap hash:/path/to/file" (or similar postalias commands), and Berkeley DB support is no longer available. In that case, you will need the "enable-redirect" migration support level.
A manual migration process goes like this:
Stop Postfix.
Make lmdb: the default for both default_database_type (read-mostly lookup tables) and default_cache_db_type (read-write caches):
# postconf default_database_type=lmdb default_cache_db_type=lmdb
Alternatively, make cdb: the default for default_database_type (read-mostly lookup tables) and lmdb: the default for default_cache_db_type (read-write caches):
# postconf default_database_type=cdb default_cache_db_type=lmdb
Look for hash: and btree: references in Postfix configuration files. Instead of /etc/postfix use the pathname in the output from "postconf -x config_directory".
# grep -E -r '(hash|btree):/' /etc/postfix
For each instance in the "grep" output :
Edit the configuration file and replace "hash" with "lmdb" or "cdb" (use the same value as the output from "postconf -hx default_database_type") and replace "btree" with "lmdb".
If this instance has no source file (only the ".db" file exists), proceed with the next instance of "grep" output.
If this instance appears in the output from "postconf -hPPx '*/*/alias_maps' | sort -u", run the postalias(1) command. If this instance is like "lmdb:/path/to/source":
# postalias lmdb:/path/to/source
Instead of "lmdb:" use "cdb:" if the instance is like "cdb:/path/to/source".
Otherwise, run the postmap(1) command. If this instance is like "lmdb:/path/to/source":
# postmap lmdb:/path/to/source
Instead of "lmdb:" use "cdb:" if this instance is like "cdb:/path/to/source".
Start Postfix, watch the log for warnings about files that cannot be opened, find the configuration file that still uses "hash" or "btree", and repeat the steps above.
It is now safe to delete the unused ".db" files.
To enable this migration support level, use:
# postfix non-bdb enable-redirect # postfix reload
This postfix non-bdb" command edits main.cf to enable redirection (aliasing) from Berkeley DB types "hash" and "btree" to the non-Berkeley-DB types specified with $default_database_type and $default_cache_db_type. Custom redirection may be configured with non_bdb_custom_mapping. This command also edits master.cf to remove an unused nbdb_reindex service entry.
This migration support level will not automatically create non-Berkeley-DB indexed database files. Instead, Postfix programs will log an error as they fail to open an indexed database file, and will leave it to the system administrator to run postmap(1) or postalias(1) to create that file.
For each instance of "hash:/path/to/source" or "btree:/path/to/source" that requires manually running postmap(1) or postalias(1):
If this instance appears in the output from "postconf -hPPx '*/*/alias_maps' | sort -u", run the postalias(1) command. If this instance is like "lmdb:/path/to/source":
# postalias lmdb:/path/to/source
Instead of "lmdb:" use "cdb:" if the instance is like "cdb:/path/to/source".
Otherwise, run the postmap(1) command. If this instance is like "lmdb:/path/to/source":
# postmap lmdb:/path/to/source
Instead of "lmdb:" use "cdb:" if this instance is like "cdb:/path/to/source".
This migration support level will fix problems with Mailman versions from before May 2025 and other software that wants to use "postmap hash:/path/to/file". With database redirection, such commands will implicitly create an indexed file for $default_database_type:/path/to/file (similar aliasing happens for postalias commands).
The command "postfix non-bdb enable-redirect" will refuse to make any changes when default_database_type or default_cache_db_type specify a hash: or btree: type.
NOTE: this level should be used only temporarily to generate most of the non-Berkeley-DB indexed files that Postfix needs. Leaving this enabled may expose the system to privilege-escalation attacks. There are no security concerns for using enable-redirect.
To enable this migration support level, use:
# postfix non-bdb enable-reindex # postfix reload
This postfix non-bdb command edits main.cf to set the non-Berkeley-DB migration support level, and master.cf to add or replace an nbdb-reindex service entry.
The resulting configuration implements not only the functionality of enable-redirect, but also automatically creates a non-Berkeley-DB indexed database file when a daemon program wants to access a file that does not exist. This uses the nbdb_reindexd(8) daemon to run postmap(1) or postalias(1) commands for databases that satisfy basic requirements to block privilege-escalation attacks. The number of requirements is large, but mainly, database files and their parent directory must not allow write access for group or other users, and their pathnames must match a list of trusted directory prefixes. The complete list of requirements is documented in nbdb_reindexd(8).
This command immediately generates non-Berkeley-DB indexed files for command-line programs that lack privileges to send requests to the nbdb_reindexd(8) indexing server. This applies to "hash:" and "btree:" tables that are used by postqueue(1) and sendmail(1) as configured with authorized_flush_users and authorized_mailq_users, and used by sendmail(1) and postdrop(1) as configured with authorized_submit_users and local_login_sender_maps.
The command "postfix non-bdb enable-reindex" will refuse to make any changes when default_database_type or default_cache_db_type specify a hash: or btree: type.
The nbdb_reindexd(8) daemon will log when it successfully runs a postmap(1) or postalias(1) command. Examples, for a system with "default_database_type = lmdb":
successfully executed 'postmap lmdb:/etc/postfix/transport' as uid 0 successfully executed 'postalias lmdb:/etc/aliases' as uid 0
See the section "Addressing errors with automatic indexed file generation" for the most likely errors that Postfix programs may log.
Once there are no more errors from Postfix programs for about 24 hours, turn off automatic index generation by reducing the support level to enable-redirect with:
# postfix non-bdb enable-redirect # postfix reload
Depending on the location of your Postfix lookup tables, Postfix programs may log a request to add a trusted directory to the directories listed with non_bdb_migration_allow_root_prefixes or non_bdb_migration_allow_user_prefixes.
Example, with line breaks added for readability:
could not execute command 'postmap lmdb:/path/to/file': table /path/to/file has an unexpected pathname; to allow automatic indexing as root, append its parent directory to the non_bdb_migration_allow_root_prefixes setting (current setting is: "/etc /usr/local/etc"); alternatively, execute the failed command by hand
You have two options:
If you think that the suggested change is safe, update the setting as proposed and execute "postfix reload".
Alternatively, you can execute the failed postmap(1) or postalias(1) command by hand, and Postfix will not log the same error again.
A similar request may be logged when a file needs to be indexed as a non-root user.
Other errors may be logged when a database file or directory has an unexpected owner, or when it is writable by group or by other users.
Example with line breaks added for readability:
could not execute command 'postmap lmdb:/path/to/file': legacy indexed file '/path/to/file.db' is owned by uid '0', but parent directory '/path/to' is owned or writable by other user; to allow automatic indexing, correct the ownership or permissions; alternatively, execute the failed command by hand
Again, you have two options:
Fix the ownership or permission error.
Execute the failed postmap(1) or postalias(1) command by hand, and Postfix will not log the same error again.
Once there are no more errors from Postfix programs for about 24 hours, turn off automatic index generation by reducing the support level to enable-redirect with:
# postfix non-bdb enable-redirect # postfix reload
This section has instructions to migrate an existing Mailman configuration that wants to use commands like "postmap hash:/path/to/file". Mailman uses such commands to maintain tables with mailing list contact addresses and domain names. This will break on systems that no longer have Berkeley DB support.
Solutions:
(Not recommended) Upgrade to a Mailman version that contains gitlab commit 8fa56b72 (May 2025). Unfortunately, this has not yet been widely adopted by OS distributions.
Avoid Mailman changes, and use Postfix migration support described below. In a nutshell, the postmap command will execute the command "postmap hash:/path/to/file" as if the command specifies lmdb:/path/to/file (or cdb:, depending on Postfix configuration).
With Mailman3 the integration with Postfix using LMTP may look like:
/var/lib/mailman3/data/postfix_domains (domain names) /var/lib/mailman3/data/postfix_domains.db (Berkeley DB hash file) /var/lib/mailman3/data/postfix_lmtp (transport map) /var/lib/mailman3/data/postfix_lmtp.db (Berkeley DB hash file)
Caution: the data directory may contain other files with names ending in ".db" that are not part of the Mailman-Postfix integration. Do not tamper with the other files.
The relevant Postfix migration levels are:
Command: # postfix non-bdb enable-redirect
This will fix the problem that Mailman wants to use commands like "postmap hash:/path/to/postfix_domains" and "postmap hash:/path/to/postfix_lmtp".
Instead of complaining about an unsupported database type, these postmap commands will implicitly create ".lmdb" indexed files like (lmdb:/path/to/postfix_domains or lmdb:/path/to/postfix_lmtp, or their cdb: versions depending on the Postfix default_database_type setting).
This will not fix the problem that Postfix wants to use databases like hash:/path/to/postfix_domains and hash::/path/to/postfix_lmtp. With enable-redirect, these will redirect to ".lmdb" indexed files (good) but those files do not yet exist (bad). You will need to create them by hand with commands like:
# postmap lmdb:/path/to/postfix_domains # postmap lmdb:/path/to/postfix_lmtp
After this, no further human action will be needed. When Mailman needs to update these files, it will invoke postmap commands that will work as promised above. Leave the Postfix migration level at enable-reindex until you can upgrade to a newer Mailman version that supports Postfix with non-Berkeley databases.
Command: # postfix non-bdb enable-redirect
In addition to "enable-redirect", Postfix will also try to run commands like "postmap lmdb:/path/to/postfix_domains" and "postmap lmdb:/path/to/postfix_lmtp". There will be some delay depending on the amount of mailing list traffic; you may want to post a test message to make the postmap commands happen sooner.
Postfix will log the postmap commands (or will log a request to make some configuration changes; see "Addressing errors with automatic indexed file generation" above).
Note: once these "postmap" commands have completed, you should reduce the migration support level with the command "postfix non-bdb enable-redirect". For security reasons the enable-reindex level should not be permanently enabled.